Weathering and Erosion Processes in the Natural Environment

• Autore: Bahadur Singh Virendra
• Pubblicazione: Newark : , : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, , 2024; ©2024
• Edizione: 1st ed.
• Descrizione fisica: 1 online resource (410 pages)
• Disciplina: 551.302
• Altri autori: MadhavSughosh Chandra PantNaresh ShekharRavi
• Nota di contenuto: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Heavy Metals in the Sediment of River Ganga: A Review -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Source of Heavy Metals -- 1.2.1 Natural Sources -- 1.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources -- 1.3 Effects on Human Health -- 1.4 Status of Heavy Metal in the Sediment of River Ganga -- 1.4.1 Heavy Metals in the Sediment of River Ganga Before 2010 -- 1.4.2 Heavy Metals in the Sediment of River Ganga After 2010 -- 1.5 Comparative Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediment -- 1.6 Mitigation Strategies -- 1.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Synergistic Process of Weathering and Erosion: Techniques of Measurement and Their Significance -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Weathering and Erosion: Synergistic Approach -- 2.2 Method of Measuring Rock Surface Change -- 2.2.1 Measurement with Quartz Resistant Mineral Vein as Natural Reference -- 2.2.2 Measurement with Anthropogenic Features as Reference -- 2.3 Contact Methods -- 2.4 Noncontact Methods -- 2.4.1 Measurement of Surface Recession Rate Using Micro-catchement -- 2.4.2 Measurement of Surface Recession Rate by Using Rock Exposure Trial -- 2.4.3 Measurement Using Principle of Photogrammetry -- 2.4.4 Light Source-Based Techniques for Measuring Rate of Weathering -- 2.4.5 Measurement Using Cosmogenic Dating -- 2.5 Techniques of Measuring Subsurface Changes in Rock -- 2.5.1 Perpendicular Cut Technique of Rock to Surface -- 2.5.2 Technique of Strength Testing -- 2.5.3 Measurement for the Test of Porosity -- 2.5.4 Measurement for the Test of Internal Stress/Strain -- 2.5.5 Measurement Based on Moisture Content or Its Distribution -- 2.6 Techniques Based on Microscope for Measuring Rate of Weathering -- 2.6.1 Technique Based on Stereo/Dissecting Microscope. ; 2.6.2 Measurement Based on Petrographic Microscopy of Thin Sections or Acetate Peels -- 2.6.3 Measurement Based on Confocal Scanning Microscopic Technique (CSML) -- 2.6.4 Technique Based on Structured Light Illumination Microscopy (SLIM) -- 2.7 Techniques Based on Infrared Microscopic Techniques -- 2.7.1 Technique Based on Fourier Transform Infrared Microscopy (FTIR) -- 2.8 Techniques Based on Electron Microscopic Techniques -- 2.8.1 Technique of SEM -- 2.8.2 Technique Based on Backscattered Electron Detection (BSE) or SEM with X-Ray Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) -- 2.8.3 Technique Based on Cryo-SEM (Low-Temperature SEM) -- 2.8.4 Technique Based on Environmental SEM/Variable Pressure SEM -- 2.8.5 Technique Based on TEM/High-Resolution TEM/FTIR Microscopy -- 2.8.6 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) -- 2.9 Techniques Based on Force Microscopy -- 2.9.1 Method Based on Scanning Force Microscopy (SFM)/Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 2.10 Technique Based on 3D X-Ray Microscopy Computed Tomography (CT) -- 2.10.1 Measurement Based on X-Ray CT/Micro-CT/Nano-CT -- 2.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Comparison of Major Hydrogeochemical Processes in Coastal Sedimentary and Hard Rock Aquifers of South India -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Study Area -- 3.2.1 Sedimentary Aquifer, Cuddalore District -- 3.2.2 Hard Aquifer, Tuticorin District -- 3.3 Material and Methods -- 3.4 Results and Discussion -- 3.4.1 Water Chemistry -- 3.4.2 Geochemical Classification -- 3.4.3 Gibbs Method -- 3.4.4 Statistics -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Textural and Mineralogical Signatures of Fluvial Sediments in Mountain Streams of Contrasting Climates in the Southern Western Ghats (India) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area -- 4.3 Methodological Framework -- 4.4 Results and Discussion. ; 4.4.1 Spatial Variability in the Grain-Size Distribution of Fluvial Sediments -- 4.4.2 Mineral Assemblage of the Fluvial Sediments -- 4.4.3 Effect of Topography and Climate on Sediment Characteristics -- 4.5 Summary and Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Crucial Interplay of Microbial Communities in Controlling the Geogenic Processes -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Mechanical/Physical Weathering -- 5.3 Chemical Weathering -- 5.4 Biological Weathering -- 5.5 Weathering by Plants -- 5.6 Weathering by Animals -- 5.7 Microbial Weathering -- 5.8 Mechanisms of Microbial Weathering -- 5.8.1 Microbial Diversity Involved in Biological Weathering -- 5.8.2 Applications of Omics Technologies to Understand the Mechanism of Weathering -- 5.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Evolution of Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Vulnerability of Western Himalayan Lake Sukhna, India -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area -- 6.3 Data Used and Methodology -- 6.3.1 Data Used -- 6.3.2 Determination of Bulk Density, Dry Density, Moisture Contents -- 6.3.3 Measurement of Cs-137 Activity -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Bulk Density, Dry Density, and Moisture Contents -- 6.4.2 Caesium-137 Activity -- 6.4.3 Sediment Deposition Profiles -- 6.4.4 Computation of Sedimentation Rate -- 6.4.5 Comparison with Garde and Kothyari (1987) Model -- 6.4.6 Analysis of Impact of Conservation Measures on Soil Erosion -- 6.5 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Author Contribution -- References -- Chapter 7 Geochemical Characterization and Baseline Determination of Trace Elements in Stream Waters from a Part of the Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Materials and Methods -- 7.2.1 Study Area -- 7.2.2 Hydrographic Characteristics, Land Use, and Climate Conditions of the Region -- 7.2.3 Geological Setting of the Region. ; 7.2.4 Sampling and Analytical Methods -- 7.2.5 Data Preparation and Quality Control -- 7.2.6 Statistical Treatment of Data -- 7.2.7 Spatial Distribution Maps -- 7.2.8 Estimation of Geochemical Baseline Threshold Values -- 7.3 Results -- 7.3.1 Basic Statistics of the Water Quality Data -- 7.3.2 Seasonal Variation of Water Quality Variables -- 7.3.3 Spatial Distribution of Water Quality Variables -- 7.3.4 Multivariate Statistics -- 7.3.5 Estimated Geochemical Baseline Values -- 7.4 Discussion -- 7.4.1 Physicochemical Characteristics and Seasonal Variation of the Chemical Composition -- 7.4.2 Geogenic and/or Anthropic Influence on the Chemistry of Subbasin Surface Water -- 7.4.3 Comparison Between the Geochemical Signature in the Waters of MISB and Other Subbasins of IRW -- 7.4.4 Geochemical Baseline Levels in the Surface Waters of the Subbasin -- 7.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Identifying the Footprints of Meteorological, Tectonic, and Anthropogenic Parameters on Sediment Transport in the Indus River System: A Review -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Geological and Tectonic Settings -- 8.4 Hydrologic Regime of the IRB -- 8.5 Climate Settings of the IRB -- 8.6 Precipitation in the IRB -- 8.7 Evaluation of Projections of Hydrometeorological Trends of the IRB -- 8.7.1 Evaluation of Temperature Trends and Projections in the IRB -- 8.7.2 Evaluation of Precipitation Trends and Projections in the IRB -- 8.7.3 Sediment Yield and Related Factors in IRB -- 8.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 An Implication of Enhanced Rock Weathering on the Groundwater Quality: A Case Study from Wardha Valley Coalfields, Central India -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.3 Geology -- 9.4 Methodology -- 9.5 Characterization of the Groundwater -- 9.5.1 Hydro-Geochemistry -- 9.5.2 Metal Chemistry. ; 9.6 Spatial Source Approximation -- 9.6.1 PCA -- 9.6.2 Interpolations of the Factor Scores -- 9.7 Temporal Approximation -- 9.7.1 Gray Sandstone (P1) -- 9.7.2 Carbonaceous-Micaceous Siltstone (P2) -- 9.7.3 Carbonaceous Shale (P3) -- 9.7.4 Pink-Colored Ferruginous Sandstone (P4) -- 9.7.5 Yellow-Colored Ferruginous Sandstone (P5) -- 9.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Soil Loss Rates in Trans-Himalayan Region: Case Study of Shyok Suture Zone, Ladakh, India -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Study Area -- 10.3 Data and Methodology -- 10.3.1 Rainfall Erosivity (R Factor) -- 10.3.2 Soil Erodibility (Factor K) -- 10.3.3 Crop Management (C Factor) and Support Practice (P Factor) -- 10.3.4 Topographic Factor (LS Factor) -- 10.4 Result and Discussion -- 10.4.1 Rate of Soil Loss and Spatial Distribution -- 10.4.2 Rate of Soil Loss in Rainfall, LULC, and Soil Texture -- 10.4.3 Rate of Erosion in the Himalayas -- 10.4.4 Comparison of Long-Term and Short-Term Rate of Soil Erosion -- 10.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Microbial Weathering of Rocks in Natural Habitat: Genetic Basis and Omics-Based Exploration -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Microbial Diversity of Extreme Habitats -- 11.2.1 Low-Temperature Regions -- 11.2.2 High-Temperature Regions -- 11.2.3 Mines -- 11.3 Factors Affecting Bio-Weathering -- 11.3.1 Physical Factors -- 11.3.2 Chemical Factors -- 11.4 Genes and Microbial Pathways -- 11.5 Microbial Interactions in Bio-Weathering -- 11.5.1 Biofilms in Microbial Weathering -- 11.5.2 Symbiotic Interactions in Microbial Weathering -- 11.6 Importance of Bio-Weathering -- 11.6.1 Soil Fertility and Plant Growth Promotion -- 11.6.2 Bioremediation -- 11.6.3 Biorestoration -- 11.7 Omics to Explore Microbial Weathering of Rocks -- 11.8 Conclusion and Future Directions -- References. ; Chapter 12 Occurrence of Arsenic (As) in the Aquatic Environment Due to Weathering and Erosion.
• Titolo autorizzato: Weathering and Erosion Processes in the Natural Environment
• ISBN: 1-394-15736-3; 1-394-15734-7
• Formato: Materiale a stampa
• Livello bibliografico: Monografia
• Lingua di pubblicazione: Inglese
• Record Nr.: 9910841655803321
• Lo trovi qui: Univ. Federico II